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Using Cox regression, the effectiveness of 2 doses of COVID-19 vaccine received during pregnancy was 84% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 66, 93), 62% (CI: 39, 77) and 56% (CI: 34,71) during months 02, 04 and 0- 6 of a childs life, respectively, in the Delta variant period. These persons are excluded from the proportions of race/ethnicity but are included in other analyses. Objectives To develop and implement a scoring tool to identify COVID-19 patients that are at risk for severe illness during the Omicron wave. 41, e81e86 (2022). Overall, the study results support recommendations for vaccination during pregnancy to protect both mothers and their infants. As with previous variants, being vaccinated greatly protects you from severe disease with omicron. Still, even with a smaller percentage of people getting severely ill during the Omicron wave, a large number of cases over a short time can lead to a spike in people being hospitalized or admitted . Rep. 69, 10811088 (2020). SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to severe illnesses and hospitalizations in children and infants2,3,4,5. COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report: week 6. Hospitalization rates during peak Omicron circulation (January 2022) among unvaccinated adults remained 12 times the rates among vaccinated adults who received booster or additional doses and four times the rates among adults who received a primary series, but no booster or additional dose. National influenza and COVID-19 surveillance report: 27 January 2022 (week 4). B., Lewis. PubMed During Omicron predominance, shortly after the Food and Drug Administration authorized COVID-19 vaccination for this age group, population-based hospitalization rates among unvaccinated children were twice as high as were those among vaccinated children. J. Med. Google Scholar. Requests for access to the underlying source data should be directed to UKHSA. Urban Health 83, 10411062 (2006). The average death rate among Americans over age 65 who contract the flu has ranged between 1 in 75 and 1 in 160 in recent years, according to the C.D.C. During the Omicron-predominant period, hospitalization rates increased among unvaccinated persons and those who completed a primary series, with and without receipt of a booster or additional dose (Figure 2). Like influenza and Tdap vaccines15,16, data suggest that vaccination during pregnancy may protect infants who are not old enough to be vaccinated against COVID-19. Starting the week ending December 4, 2021, Maryland data are not included in weekly rate calculations but are included in previous weeks. Partially vaccinated adults, and those who received a single dose of a 1-dose product <14 days before the positive SARS-CoV-2 test result were not included in analyses by vaccination status but were included in rates and overall proportions that were not stratified by vaccination status. ***** An additional 172 (3.4%, 95% CI=2.7%4.2%) adults were partially vaccinated, 69 (0.9%, 95% CI=0.61.2) received a primary vaccination series <14 days before a positive for SARS-CoV-2 test result, and 186 (4.1%) had unknown vaccination status; these groups are not further described in this analysis. Starting the week ending December 4, 2021, Maryland data are not included in calculations but are included in previous weeks. In the Omicron variant period, the effectiveness of maternal vaccination in these three age intervals was 21% (CI: 21,48), 14% (CI: 9,32) and 13% (CI: 3,26), respectively. The TND is designed to better control for bias related to health care-seeking behavior31,32. Rep. 70, 895899 (2021). Ainslie, K. E. C., Shi, M., Haber, M. & Orenstein, W. A. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Zerbo, O. et al. Wkly. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Libby Reeg reports grants from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services during the conduct of the study. SGN, HHW, NA, WH, MK, PB, AZ, JLB, MC, NAA, KH, RH, AC, GD, and ST curated the data. Our findings that receipt of at least two doses of COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy was effective at protecting infants during the Delta period are similar to those reported in a recent Norwegian study showing that mRNA COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy was associated with a 71% decreased risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 in infants during their first 4 months of life during the Delta period17. In supplemental analyses by trimester of vaccination, receipt of the second dose during the second and third trimesters reduced the risk of infants testing SARS-CoV-2 positive during the Delta dominant period by 91% (95% CI: 63, 98) and 85% (95% CI: 50, 96), respectively, during the first 2 months of life, by 59% (95% CI: 21, 79) and 67% (95% CI: 37, 83) during the first 4 months of life and by 64% (95% CI:31, 81) and 53% (95% CI: 24, 71) during the first 6 months of life. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. CAS "The subpopulations with the highest risk should be considered a priority for COVID-19 therapeutics and further booster doses.". https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7050e2.htm, Adults who completed their primary COVID-19 vaccination series were defined as those who had received the second dose of a 2-dose primary vaccination series or a single dose of a 1-dose primary vaccine product 14 days before receipt of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result associated with their hospitalization but received no additional or booster dose. The proportion of hospitalized adults who received booster or additional doses increased from 1.3% during the Delta-predominant period to 13.4% during the Omicron-predominant period (p<0.01)***; among these, 10.7% were long-term care facility residents and 69.5% had an immunosuppressive condition. Black adults accounted for 25.2% of all unvaccinated persons hospitalized during the Delta-predominant period; that proportion increased by 23%, to 31.0% during the Omicron-predominant period. Stay up to date with your COVID-19 vaccines. Another explanation is the presence of a high COVID-19 vaccination rate among studied individuals (more than two-thirds), which is supported by the finding that the majority of patients had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 prior to undergoing vaccination. During the Omicron dominant period, receipt of 2 doses during pregnancy reduced the risk of the infant testing SARS-CoV-2 positive by 21% (95% CI: 21, 48) during the first 2 months of life, 14% (95% CI: 8, 32) during the first 4 months of life, and 13% (95% CI: 3, 26) during the first 6 months of life (Table2). 26 Among those fully vaccinated individuals 5 years of age who are booster eligible, only 49% have received a . Further information on research design is available in theNature Portfolio Reporting Summary linked to this article. N. Engl. COVID-19 vaccination coverage among pregnant women during pregnancyEight Integrated Health Care Organizations, United States, December 14, 2020-May 8, 2021. ICU admission status was missing in 1.3% (weighted) of hospitalizations; these hospitalizations are included in other analyses. We calculated vaccine effectiveness (VE) as 100% multiplied by 1HR. Accessed March 10, 2022. Risk of hospital admission for patients with SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7: cohort analysis. J. Med. State data show the average age for COVID deaths was about 80 in late 2020, but dropped in spring 2021 to as low as 69 after most older adults received their first COVID vaccines. Maternal vaccination with at least two doses reduced the infants risk of testing SARS-CoV-2 positive initially by 84% which decreased to 56% by 6 months of life in the Delta dominant period. Data from the COVID-19Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network (COVID-NET) were analyzed to compare COVID-19associated hospitalization rates among adults aged 18 years during B.1.617.2 (Delta; July 1December 18, 2021) and Omicron (December 19, 2021January 31, 2022) variant predominance, overall and by race/ethnicity and vaccination status. The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer, Office of the Vice President for Research | Contact U of M | Privacy Policy, Mary Van Beusekom | News Writer | CIDRAP News, Two recent papers claim there are no differences between surgical masks and respirators for preventing the spread of respiratory diseases like COVID-19 and flu, but the articles. Baden, L. R. et al. Vaccine 31, 31043109 (2013). You can review and change the way we collect information below. Suggested citation for this article: Taylor CA, Whitaker M, Anglin O, et al. J. Med. 387, 109119 (2022). While this proportion might not be representative of the proportion of vaccinated pregnant women within KPNC because of our exclusion criteria, more efforts are needed to promote COVID-19 vaccines for pregnant persons because vaccination provides protection to mothers and their infants until they are old enough to receive their own COVID-19 vaccines. of Omicron-infected patients with a high rate of vaccination in China. Children born at Kaiser Permanente Northern California from December 15, 2020, through May 31, 2022. CDC is not responsible for the content The risk of hospitalisation appeared to increase when comparing delta with alpha infections. The results were unchanged when no adjustments for covariates were made (Supplemental Table3). TN, NMF, SGN, DDA, AMP, and ST wrote the original draft of the manuscript. Rates cannot be stratified by pregnancy status because the underlying population of pregnant women in the catchment area is unknown. It is critical that nursing home residents stay up to date with CO VID-19 vaccines and receive a bivalent booster dose to maximize protection against COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 delta VOC in Scotland: demographics, risk of hospital admission, and vaccine effectiveness. CAS During Omicron predominance, children aged <6 months accounted for 44% of hospitalizations among children ages 04 years3. Our study was strengthened both by its large sample size and our ability to follow infants through 6 months of age. Selected counties in California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Tennessee, and Utah (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915e3.htm). According to the Ontario Science Table's online dashboard, the hospital occupancy rate for the unvaccinated was 611 per million unvaccinated people in the province's population as of Jan. 7,. T.R. Persons who received no doses of any COVID-19 vaccine were considered unvaccinated. The population of unvaccinated adults is determined by subtracting the number of adults who received any dose of vaccine, as previously defined, from the population. adjudicated chart reviews. All other authors declare no competing interests. Safety and efficacy of single-dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against Covid-19. J. Med. Monthly incidence is based on SARS-CoV-2 positive test result date or, if not known, hospital admission date. With wave after wave of SARS-CoV-2 variants, COVID-19 patients filled the worlds' hospitals and morgues because not everybody had access to vaccines or were willing to be vaccinated. Open 5, e2233273 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36547-4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36547-4. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:108893. Relative to the Delta-predominant period, a significantly shorter median length of hospital stay was observed during the Omicron-predominant period and smaller proportions of hospitalizations with intensive care unit admission, receipt of invasive mechanical ventilation, or in-hospital death. Ferdinands, J. M. et al. Selected counties in California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Tennessee, and Utah (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915e3.htm). Thus, this design better adjusts for healthcare-seeking behavior31,32, but it may also introduce other biases including selection bias33. All rights Reserved. The study had limitations worth noting. The KPNC Institutional review board approved and waived consent for this study. Maternal SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and infant protection against SARS-CoV-2 during the first six months of life. However, vaccination during pregnancy was less effective at protecting infants against SARS-CoV-2 infection during the Omicron period. After adjusting for covariates, vaccination during pregnancy significantly reduced the risk of the infant testing SARS-CoV-2 positive by 84% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 66, 93) during the first 2 months of life, 62% (95% CI: 39, 77) during the first 4 months of life and 56% (95% CI: 34,71) during the first 6 months of life. This work was supported by grants from the UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Medical Research Council (NMF, WH, SB, EV, ACG [Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; MR/R015600/1], DDA, AMP [MC/UU/00002/11], and SRS [MC/UU/00002/10]); Medical Research Council UKRIDepartment of Health and Social Care National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) COVID-19 rapid response call (NMF, SB [MR/V038109/1], TN, AC, DDA, and AMP [MC/PC/19074]); the NIHR Health Protection Units in: Modelling and Health Economics (NMF, WH, SB, EV, AC, and ACG [NIHR200908]), Behavioural Science and Evaluation (AC and DDA), and Respiratory Infections (JLB); Wellcome Trust (SFunk and SA [210758/Z/18/Z]); philanthropic funding from Community Jameel (NMF, WH, SB, and EV); and the UKRI Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (SFlax [EP/V002910/2]). In conclusion, in this population-based cohort study, we found that infants born to mothers who received at least two doses of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy were at lower risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and were at lower risk of hospitalization during the first 6 months of life compared with infants whose mothers were unvaccinated during pregnancy. To ensure stability and reliability of rates by vaccination status, data are presented beginning 14 days after at least 5% of the age group-specific population of the COVID-NET surveillance catchment area has received an additional or booster dose. Racial and ethnic disparities in rates of COVID-19associated hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, and in-hospital death in the United States from March 2020 to February 2021. and B.F. P.R. O.Z., N.P.K., and B.F. conceived and designed the study. In the first study, a team led by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) researchers analyzed data on 192,509 hospitalizations from more than 250 hospitals in 13 states participating in the COVID-19Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network from Jan 1, 2021, to Apr 30, 2022. "The association between the QCovid risk groups and the risk of death were stronger in people who had received a booster and were infected by the Omicron variant compared with evidence from the Alpha and Delta period in doubly vaccinated individuals," the authors wrote. Data were available for researchers who meet the criteria for access to Kaiser Permanente Northern California confidential data. Evan J. Anderson reports grants from Pfizer, Merck, PaxVax, Micron, Sanofi-Pasteur, Janssen, MedImmune, and GlaxoSmithKline; personal fees from Pfizer, Medscape, Kentucky Bioprocessing, Inc., Sanofi-Pasteur, and Janssen, outside the submitted work; and institutional funding from the National Institutes of Health to conduct clinical trials of Moderna and Janssen COVID-19 vaccines. Messer, L. C. et al. J., Fireman. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/bridged_race.htm, ** https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.27.21262356v1, On August 13, 2021, CDCs Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) issued the first of several recommendations for additional or booster doses of COVID-19 vaccine. However, data currently available on the persistence of immunity after vaccination on the one hand and the emergence of viral variants with reduced sensibility to vaccine immunity on the other, raise the need to administer boosters to maintain the protection and to compare .